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Zygomycosis
Zygomycosis refers to the angiotropic (blood vessel-invading) infection produced by the various Zygomycetes. This disease is also sometimes referred to as mucormycosis, but the term zygomycosis is preferred. Click here to find out why! The most common species causing disease are Absidia corymbifera, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Rhizopus arrhizus.
Mycoses caused by members of the family Mucorales (and sometimes the family Entomophthorales) are generally acute and rapidly developing in debilitated patients. The disease is associated with the acidotic diabetics, malnourished children, and severely burned patients. It is also seen with leukemia, lymphoma, AIDS, and use of immunosuppressive therapy such as corticosteroids. The infection typically involves the rhino-facial-cranial area, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, or less commonly other organ systems. The fungi show a predilection for vessel (arterial) invasion resulting in embolization and necrosis of surrounding tissue. Suppurative pyogenic reactions develop. Infections are typically acute and fulminant. Rhinocerebral disease in acidotic patients usually results in death, often within a few days [472, 911, 1097, 1233, 1528].
| CATEGORIES |
COMMENTS |
| Rhinocerebral |
It is the most frequent presentation overall and classically affects diabetics with ketoacidosis.
Usually presents with facial and/or eye pain, proptosis and progressive signs of involvement of orbital structures (muscles, nerves and vessels).
Common complications include cavernous sinus and internal carotid artery thrombosis. |
| Pulmonary |
It occurs most frequently among neutropenic patients.
It presents with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cough and dyspnea; hemoptysis may occur with vascular invasion.
Radiological presentation includes segmental consolidation that progresses to contiguous areas of the lung, with occasional cavitation. |
| Gastrointestinal |
Usually affects patients with severe malnutrition
May involve the stomach, ileum, and colon
Clinical picture mimics intra-abdominal abscess. The diagnosis is often made at autopsy. |
| Cutaneous |
It has been reported with minor trauma, insect bites, no sterile dressing, wounds, and burns.
The necrotic lesions progressively evolve from the epidermis into dermis and even muscle. |
| Others |
Heart, bone, kidneys, bladder, trachea, and mediastinum |
The prognosis is grave, especially when the rhinocerebral area is involved in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. Most cases of gastric and pelvic disease are diagnosed at autopsy. Many cases occur in patients with pulmonary disease, leukemia, or with lymphomas. These are usually fatal. Control of the diabetes, aggressive surgical debridement of involved tissue, and high doses of amphotericin B are recommended [1233, 1918]. Responses have been obtained with lipid formulations of amphotericin B and colony-stimulating factors, however, the experience with these agents is entirely anecdotal [866, 1470].
The tissue reaction is usually slight. Acute suppurative inflammation predominates with focal areas of granulomatous inflammation. Hyphae usually vary from 6-50 um in diameter, are sparsely septate, and irregularly branched. The organism characteristically invades the walls of adjacent blood vessels, producing thrombosis and infarction, but rarely disseminates through the vessels.
Direct examination A rapid diagnosis is critical. Fungal elements are usually not numerous in discharges. Scrapings from the upper turbinates, aspirated material from sinuses, sputum in pulmonary disease, and biopsy material mounted in 10% KOH typically contain thick-walled, refractile hyphae 6-15 um in diameter. Swollen cells (up to 50 um) and distorted hyphae may be present.
Isolation Inoculate the clinical material onto Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubate at 30°C. A medium containing cycloheximide is not used because these fungi are sensitive to cycloheximide. Sterile bread in a test tube may recover Zygomycetes when other media fail. A noninoculated tube of sterile bread is necessary for quality control, since Zygomycetes are commonly associated with bread.
Soil
Standardized testing procedures are not available. Microbiological resistance has not been demonstrated.
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References
472. Cooter, R. D., I. S. Lim, D. H. Ellis, and I. O. W. Leitch. 1990. Burn wound zygomycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2151-2153.
866. Gonzalez, C. E., D. R. Couriel, and T. J. Walsh. 1997. Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: Successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granuloyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:192-196.
911. Guardia, J. A., J. Bourgoignie, and J. Diego. 2000. Renal mucormycosis in the HIV patient. Amer J Kidney Dis. 35:E241-E245.
1097. Ingram, C. W., J. Sennesh, J. N. Cooper, and J. R. Perfect. 1989. Disseminated zygomycosis: Report of four cases and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:741-754.
1233. Kontoyiannis, D. P., V. C. Wessel, G. P. Bodey, and K. V. I. Rolston. 2000. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis. 30:851-856.
1470. Maury, S., T. Leblanc, M. Feuihade, J.-M. Molina, and G. Schaison. 1998. Successful treatement of disseminated mucormycosis with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery in a child with leukemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:200-202.
1528. Meyer, R. D., P. Rosen, and D. Armstrong. 1972. Phycomycosis complicating leukemia and lymphoma. Ann. Intern. Med. 77:871-879.
1918. Ribes, J. A., C. L. Vanover-Sams, and D. J. Baker. 2000. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:236-301.
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