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Cryptococcus spp.
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Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidimycota
Subphylum: Basidimycotina
Order: Sporidiales
Family: Sporidiobolaceae
Genus: Filobasidiella (Cryptococcus)
Cryptococcus is an encapsulated yeast. Following its first identification in nature from peach juice samples, the major environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans have been shown to be either soil contaminated with pigeon droppings (Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans) or eucalyptus trees and decaying wood forming hollows in living trees (Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii) [364, 409, 1307, 1414]. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was also isolated from goats with pulmonary disease [190].
The genus Cryptococcus includes around 37 species. Among these, Cryptococcus neoformans is the only species that is pathogenic and will be discussed in this page. It has four serotypes (A to D). Serotyping is based on capsular agglutination reactions and can be detected by a dot enzyme assay [212]. Cryptococcus neoformans was generally accepted to include two varieties; var. gattii and var. neoformans [1326]. Until recently and traditionally, serotypes A and D were included in var. neoformans while serotypes B and D were included in var. gattii. However, in addition to the previously observed phenotypic differences, recent molecular studies have detected significant genetic variations between the two serotypes. Thus, it was recently proposed that a new variety, var. grubii, be created to contain serotype A [761]. This leaves serotype D as the sole serotype in var. neoformans.
The two varieties, neoformans and gattii are morphologically similar, except that basidiospores of var. neoformans are round and those of var. gattii are more elliptical in shape. The definitive identification of the two varieties is possible by biochemical tests, such as resistance to canavanine, use of glycine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, and resistance of their urease enzymes to EDTA [462].
Among the other Cryptococcus spp. are Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus terreus, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus, Cryptococcus luteolus and Cryptococcus gastricus [1295].
The teleomorphic (sexual) reproductive phase of Cryptococcus that occurs in nature constitutes the genus Filobasidiella. If the strains of serotypes A or D mate with each other, Filobasidiella neoformans var. neoformans is the teleomorph. Similarly, the mating of serotypes B or C forms the teleomorph called Filobasidiella neformans var. bacillispora [462].
See the summary of synonyms and teleomorph-anamorph relations for the Cryptococcus spp.
Cryptococcus neoformans is the causative agent of cryptococcosis. Given the neurotropic nature of the fungus, the most common clinical form of cryptococcosis is meningoencephalitis. The course of the infection is usually subacute or chronic. Cryptococcosis may also involve the skin, lungs, prostate gland, urinary tract, eyes, myocardium, bones, and joints [157, 161, 175, 209, 338, 636, 956, 1280, 1638, 2066, 2126].
The most commonly encountered predisposing factor for development of cryptococcosis is AIDS [2]. Less commonly, organ transplant recipients or cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutics or long-term corticosteroid treatment may develop cryptococcosis [462, 1235, 2271].
The polysaccharide capsule and phenol oxidase enzyme of Cryptococcus neoformans, as well as its ability to grow at 37°C, are its major virulence factors [447, 1760]. Recent data suggest that phospholipase enzymes may also play a role as one of the potential virulence factors [832]. The infection commonly starts following inhalation of the yeasts [462]. Phenol oxidase enzyme functions in production of melanin. The melanizing enzyme presumably prevents formation of toxic hydroxy radicals and thus protects the fungal cell from oxidative stress as well as the immune defense mechanisms of the host [391, 605, 1109].
Colonies of Cryptococcus neoformans are fast growing, soft, glistening to dull, smooth, usually mucoid, and cream to slightly pink or yellowish brown in color. The growth rate is somewhat slower than Candida and usually takes 48 to 72 h. It grows well at 25°C as well as 37°C. Ability to grow at 37°C is one of the features that differentiates Cryptococcus neoformans from other Cryptococcus spp. However, temperature-sensitive mutants that fail to grow at 37°C in vitro may also be observed [214]. At 39-40°C, the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans starts to slow down [462, 1295].
On cornmeal tween 80 agar, Cryptococcus neoformans produces round, budding yeast cells. No true hyphae are visible. Pseudohyphae are usually absent or rudimentary. The capsule is best visible in India ink preparations. The thickness of the capsule is both strain-related and varies depending on the environmental conditions. Upon growth in 1% peptone solution, production of capsule is enhanced [1295].
See our histopathology page.
Cryptococcus neoformans should be differentiated from other clinically encountered yeasts, such as Blastoschizomyces, Geotrichum, Malassezia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Trichosporon. Morphology on cornmeal tween 80 agar, capsule production, urease activity, ability to grow in presence of cycloheximide, growth pattern in Sabouraud broth, and fermentation assimilation profiles help in definitive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans.
Microscopically, globose to ovoid yeast cells that have a capsule, producing neither well-developed pseudohyphae nor true hyphae are typical for Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans differs from Candida by not forming well-developed pseudohyphae. The lack of arthroconidia differentiates it from Trichosporon and Geotrichum, the two genera that produce abundant arthroconidia [1295].
Biochemically, the members of the genus Cryptococcus are unable to ferment sugars, but do assimilate inositol and produce urease. Carotenoid pigment production is extremely variable. Cryptococcus neoformans produces phenoloxidase enzyme that results in production of melanin and thus a brown to black discoloration of the colony when it is grown on caffeic acid agar or bird seed agar. Cryptococcus differs from Rhodotorula by assimilating inositol, and from Candida glabrata by assimilating inositol and being urease positive [1295].
No special precautions other than general laboratory precautions are required.
Please see our extended discussion of the usual susceptibility patterns of Cryptococcus spp.
PubMed
GenBank
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India Ink Preparation
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References
2. Abadi, J., S. Nachman, A. B. Kressel, and L. Pirofski. 1999. Cryptococcosis in children with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 28:309-313.
157. Bailly, M. P., A. Boibieux, F. Biron, I. Durieu, M. A. Piens, D. Peyramond, and J. L. Bertrand. 1991. Persistence of Cryptococcus neoformans in the prostate: Failure of fluconazole despite high doses (letter). J. Infect. Dis. 164:435-436.
161. Baldwin, S., S. Stagno, G. T. Odrezin, D. R. Kelly, and R. J. Whitley. 1988. Isolated Cryptococcus neoformansosteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7:289-292.
175. Barber, B. A., J. M. Crotty, R. G. Washburn, and P. S. Pegram. 1995. Cryptococcus neoformans myositis in a patient with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:1510-1511.
190. Baro, T., J. M. Torres-Rodriguez, Y. Morera, C. Alia, O. Lopez, and R. Mendez. 1999. Serotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from clinical and environmental sources in Spain. J Clin Microbiol. 37:1170-1172.
209. Beck, A., M. W. Hutchings, A. R. Makey, and I. M. Tuck. 1955. Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in man: Report of two cases. Lancet:535-538.
212. Belay, T., R. Cherniak, E. B. O'Neill, and T. R. Kozel. 1996. Serotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans by dot enzyme assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:466-470.
214. Bemis, D. A., D. J. Krahwinkel, L. A. Bowman, P. Mondon, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 2000. Temperature-sensitive strain of Cryptococcus neoformans producing hyphal elements in a feline nasal granuloma. J Clin Microbiol. 38:926-928.
338. Burch, E. H., G. Fine, E. L. Quinn, and J. F. Eisses. 1975. Cryptococcus neoformans as a cause of lytic bone lesions. JAMA. 231:1057-1059.
364. Callejas, A., N. Ordonez, M. C. Rodriguez, and E. Castaneda. 1998. First isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype C, from the environment in Colombia. Med Mycol. 36:341-344.
391. Casadevall, A., A. L. Rosas, and J. D. Nosanchuk. 2000. Melanin and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Curr Opin Microbiol. 3:354-358.
409. Chakrabarti, A., M. Jatana, P. Kumar, L. Chatha, A. Kaushal, and A. A. Padhye. 1997. isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus camaldulensis in India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3440-3442.
447. Clancy, C. J., M. H. Nguyen, R. Alandoerffer, M. Richardson, and J. R. Graybill. 1999. What makes Cryptococcus neoformans virulent? 37th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Abstract No. 271.
462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
605. Doering, T. L., J. D. Nosanchuk, W. K. Roberts, and A. Casadevall. 1999. Melanin as a potential cryptococcal defence against microbicidal proteins. Med Mycol. 37:175-181.
636. Durden, F. M., and B. Elewski. 1994. Cutaneous involvement with Cryptococcus neoformans in AIDS. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 30:844-848.
761. Franzot, S. P., I. F. Salkin, and A. Casadevall. 1999. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: Separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 37:838-840.
832. Ghannoum, M. A. 2000. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:122-143,CP3.
956. Gurevitz, O., A. Goldschmied-Reuven, C. Block, J. Kopolovic, Z. Farfel, and D. Hassin. 1994. Cryptococcus neoformansvertebral osteomyelitis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32:315-318.
1109. Jacobson, E. S. 2000. Pathogenic roles for fungal melanins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:708-717,CP5.
1235. Korfel, A., H. D. Menssen, S. Schwartz, and E. Thiel. 1998. Cryptococcosis in Hodgkin's disease: description of two cases and review of the literature. Ann. Hematol. 76:283-6.
1280. Lafont, A., M. Wolff, C. Marche, B. Clair, and B. Regnier. 1990. Overwhelming myocarditis due to Cryptococcus neoformans in an AIDS patient. Lancet:1145-1146.
1295. Larone, D. H. 1995. Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
1307. Lazera, M. S., M. A. S. Cavalcanti, L. Trilles, M. M. Nishikawa, and B. Wanke. 1998. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii - evidence for a natural habitat related to decaying wood in a pottery tree hollow. Med Mycol. 36:119-122.
1326. Levitz, S. M. 1991. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Rev Infect Dis. 13:1163-9.
1414. Mahmoud, Y. A. G. 1999. First environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and var. gatti from the Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Mycopathologia. 148:83-86.
1638. Newton, J. A., Jr., M. D. Anderson, C. A. Kennedy, and E. C. Oldfield III. 1994. Septic arthritis due to Cryptococcus neoformans without associated osteomyelitis: Case report and review. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. 3:295-297.
1760. Perfect, J. R., B. Wong, Y. C. Chang, K. J. Kwon-Chung, and P. R. Williamson. 1998. Cryptococcus neoformans: virulence and host defences. Med Mycol. 36:79-86.
2066. Seaton, R. A., N. Verma, S. Naraqi, J. P. Wembri, and D. A. Warrell. 1997. Visual loss in immunocompetent patients with Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91:44-49.
2126. Sobel, J. D., and J. A. Vazquez. 1999. Fungal infections of the urinary tract. World J Urol. 17:410-414.
2271. Urbini, B., C. Castellini, R. Rondelli, A. Prete, S. Pierinelli, and A. Pession. 2000. Cryptococcal meningitis during front-line chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 85:1103-1104.
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